Street Prophets

Revelation, scripture, and authority

Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 08:32:34 AM PDT

This week was the first session of the ICJS minicourse on revelation, authority, and scripture, which attracted 150 people(!). It was a good session, presented by Dr. Rosann Catalano (Roman Catholic), and I thought I'd post a bit on what I got out of her presentation.

Her general focus was on the relationship among revelation, scripture, and scriptural authority; and more specifically, she addressed the question which I paraphrase here as:

If our understanding of the Bible as "inspired by God" is not the traditional/conservative understanding that God determined every word, then what is our understanding of Biblical authority?

In other words, if God didn't dictate it, then what makes it sacred and authoritative?

Follow me below the fold for some notes on her talk, which she described as a possible model, a sort of wondering out loud, how to understand these questions.

The first part of the presentation was on the nature of the Bible (whether the Tanakh or the Christan Bible), because she points out that how we think about Biblical authority is derivative from how we understand what the Bible is, how it came to be, and how we understand revelation.

Classic assertion about revelation and the Bible:

The One who is beyond all names has engaged us in our history, in our time, and in our space.

The Bible is the record of God's foundational disclosure of God's own nature to Israel and to the Church. It is a privileged record of the experiences that our forebears had with God: the experiences that formed our community.

She then spent some time talking about language, because we can only communicate experiences to each other by means of language. She distinguished between ordinary language, scientific language, and poetic or metaphorical language.

Ordinary language: when I ask the bus driver for directions to the Inner Harbor (a Baltimore attraction), he does not pause thoughtfully and explore the various meanings of "Inner".

Scientific language: The goal of scientific language is to eliminate the possibility of misunderstanding. Its focus is precision, definition; it strives to eliminate ambiguity and subjectivity; it is descriptive.

Poetic/metaphoric: is the flip side of scientific language. Its goal is to build ambiguity, to disorient you from how you see the world so as to re-orient you to see it a different way, to redescribe reality and draw you into conversation. It is therefore not descriptive, but evocative and disclosive.

She then discussed the importance of paying attention to the genre of the texts in the Bible, with the classic example of how we all do this without even thinking about it when we read a newspaper.

She talked about referents. When you say the leg of a table, or the leg of a person, there's something you can point to: that's what you mean by "leg". But when you talk about love, or forgiveness, or reconciliation, what kind of referent can you have? You have to tell a story. The point of the story becomes the referent for the thing you are trying to explain.
  This has implications for how hung up we should get on the details of a story: if the reason to tell the story was to provide a referent for the idea the story is about, then focusing on the details of the story is missing the point. (Does it really matter whether Jesus' feet got wet when he walked on water? No, what matters is that I can trust in God in those moments when I feel like I'm drowning.)

Primary religious language is a subset of poetic/metaphoric language. Primary religious language is narrative: it tells stories to disclose an experience of the mystery of God in our time and place. (Other forms of religious language -- creedal, confessional, theological -- are scientific.)

There's not a lot of talk about revelation in the Bible; it's a sort of code word for trying to understand the authority of the Bible. God doesn't reveal a theology of revelation: God reveals Godself.

She then talked quite a bit about experiences we've all had in which we sensed something more was going on than just what was visible to our eyes: whether in the presence of a birth, or a death, or a wedding. She suggests that these are glimpses of a reality that's right here all along, but one that we do not ordinarily see; that these are, in a small way, pointers to God. I think she did this mainly to give us a referent for the ideas that came next.

Revelation, she proposes, is not an idea, but an event. It is an event in which God disclosed Godself to specific people at a specific place and time; an event that is charged with meaning and implication; an event that the people who experienced probably didn't understand fully at the time. (Because that's our common experience, right? When something profound happens, it often takes days, months, even years, for us to sort through exactly what it was and what it meant to us.)

These events profoundly affected the people to whom they happened, and it formed them into a community, created by and defined by having shared in that event.

The community then becomes the bearer of revelation. The event is over; there's only the people left who experienced something, and refuse to let it die. By remembering and retelling the stories, you "ensure that the event will have consequences".

The process of forming the canon is the community deciding which stories are most faithful to the event that formed them, and which are not. Thus, the infancy gospels with stories about Jesus as a little boy taking dirt, and forming it into a bird, and blowing on it, and having it fly away -- those were rejected because they had nothing to do with what the community understood as the point of the experience they'd had with Jesus.

The text, then, becomes the mechanism by which I find my way back to the event, and am formed by it. The way to the holy is mediated through the text, which is then mediated in my life.

So what makes the text sacred? The community holds the text as significant to people's formation. The story within the text becomes the master story, the master narrative that affects how people see and imagine the world. Its authority resides in the record of how my people lived with God.

It is authoritative because:
 - God was the author of the event
 - I trust those people: that they were trying to do what I'm trying to do: figure out how to live a faithful observant life.

Although the point of the talk was "how do we understand the authority of the Bible if we don't take it literally", she is not opposed to a literal reading and doesn't insist that none of it is literal. I asked her afterwards whether the model she had outlined for us could accommodate a literal reading of the text, and she said her first question would have to be, If you're going to take some parts of it literally, how do you decide which parts? I said "Literary genre, right?" and she said that's not enough, because even the "historical" books are in the bible as stories (evocative and disclosive), not as history (descriptive and precise).

I thought the topic and the starting point would be of interest to folks here on the Street, so figured I'd share. Next week we get to hear Rabbi Zaiman talk about midrash - I can't wait!


Tags: bible, authority, revelation (all tags)

Permalink | 55 comments

  • Authoritative cookies (15+ / 0-)

    are chocolate chip, of course. :)

    Let me know you stopped by, and what you think of the ideas presented here. If you have any questions, I'll try to answer based on my notes & recollections.

    Dr. Catalano is a great speaker, by the way - if you ever get a chance to hear her, do!

    Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

    by StarWoman on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 08:29:00 AM PDT

  • Yep, yep, yep. (7+ / 0-)

    That's pretty much it.

    The only question I've been struggling through personally in relation to this, is the question of why these forbears are "my people," as opposed to those people.  This is as much a question of why the synoptic gospels, as opposed to the Gospel of Thomas, or why the Bible as opposed to, say, the Mahabharata.  That question has generated a fair amount of "slowing" as I think through what I'm writing in my dissertation.

    In many ways, the answer that I'm a product of Western culture and that's the culture/history for which I'm primarily responsible is a satisfying answer.  But in other ways that answer feels narrow.  For example, one of the great achievements of the Christian religion (as a bearer of the Western culture I'm talking about) was the participation of African-American churches and King's personalist theology in the Civil Rights movement.  But King was inspired by Gandhi, who in turn read Thoreau, who in turn delved into the Bhagavad Gita.  It's not so clear at that point what the lines of demarcation are.

    The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

    by dirkster42 on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 09:51:49 AM PDT

    • But didn't Ghandi also read (8+ / 0-)

      Tolstoy?

      And Ghandi's enemies accused him of being a covert Christian in their efforts to de-legitimize him.

      I think the genius of both Ghandi and King was that they recognized, and articulated, something redemptive in each of their inherited religious traditions. And that's something we, as inheritors in turn, can justifiably be proud of.

      Something else that's interesting to contemplate though, is how it is that Western culture birthed both the feminist and environmental movements. On the face of it, it isn't obvious how that should be. You'd think, for example, that a more "goddess friendly" culture would've invented feminism.

      Montani semper liberi

      by Sadie Baker on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 10:15:21 AM PDT

      [ Parent ]

    • My people (5+ / 0-)

      I think this gets into revelation as an event that defines a community.

      Either they are your people because biologically and culturally you have been raised in the tribe, and shaped by its master narrative; or, in your own experience of the holy, you have found that the master narrative of this people is what matches the experiences you have had, and so you adopt this story as your story: this people will be your people, and this God will be your God.

      Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

      by StarWoman on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 01:02:16 PM PDT

      [ Parent ]

  • A minor point (9+ / 0-)

    but one of my pet peeves, is the conflation of "traditional" and "conservative." They aren't the same, though conservatives would love to have us believe they are.

    To explain what I mean, here is an excerpt from "A Short History of Medieval Philosophy" by Julius R. Weinberg:

    That a scriptural passage admitted of several interpretations was already established by the doctrine that recorded events have an allegorical or moral meaning in addition to the literal meaning of the words describing them. . . That even the literal meaning is sometimes couched in figurative language was also insisted upon, not only by medieval Christians but also by the Hellenizing Jews of pre-Christian times (for example, in the paraphrases of Genesis, the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathon). Thus, while no attempt was made to explain away all miracles by purely naturalistic interpretations, the crudely anthropomorphic and anthropopathic descriptions of God and His actions were elucidated as merely figurative language.

    The idea that scripture should be interpreted literally is a purely modern experiment, and a failed one at that.

    Montani semper liberi

    by Sadie Baker on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 10:03:11 AM PDT

    • Traditional/conservative (6+ / 0-)

      Fair point. I didn't mean to conflate traditional and conservative with that slash; only to put them in the same basket, because I know some people who would use the one word, and other people who would use the other word, to describe the understanding that "inspired by God" means "every word was directly inspired".

      Note that claiming God directly inspired every word is entirely independent of the question of literal interpretation. I didn't intend to conflate those two ideas, for sure, and I didn't think I had.

      Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

      by StarWoman on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 12:47:04 PM PDT

      [ Parent ]

      • I didn't think you were conflating them, (5+ / 0-)

        it was the block quote from Catalano that used the term. And since she is Catholic, no doubt she knows the difference, as well.

        But this blog is read by people who aren't Catholic, who aren't even Christian, so I just wanted to point it out for their sakes.

        I am a real snob about this. I mean, I realize we see through a glass darkly and all that, and everyone is entitled to his or her own flavor of Christianity. But Christianity is 2000 years old and any flavor that arose in only the last 5% of that time has no claim on the word "traditional."

        Montani semper liberi

        by Sadie Baker on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 01:56:10 PM PDT

        [ Parent ]

        • Oh, woops (5+ / 0-)

          That wasn't actually a block quote; that was a paraphrase of what I took as "the point", that I put in a shiny blue box to draw attention to it. Heh. My bad. I have edited to clarify.

          Buuuut, I still don't see anything in that little blue box about literal interpretation....

          but I do take your general point on the use of the terms generally.

          Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

          by StarWoman on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 02:52:26 PM PDT

          [ Parent ]

          • It's not about what you said, (7+ / 0-)

            it's about what I expect others will hear. And I could be wrong.

            To boil it down, people who read the Bible literally call themselves "conservative." At least among Protestants, anyway. And that's fine, and they are free to do so, but it isn't the traditional way of reading scripture.

            It gets back to that discussion we had before on Falwell and Robertson. They like to call themselves "traditional" but they don't follow tradition. If they did they would be Catholic, or Orthodox, or well, you get the point. (I draw the line of traditional Christianity at 500 years or so, but that's just me.) They get away with it because no one ever calls them on it, and I think we should start calling them on it.

            Montani semper liberi

            by Sadie Baker on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 03:34:48 PM PDT

            [ Parent ]

  • I echo Sadie's point (4+ / 0-)

    only about Conservative

    If our understanding of the Bible as "inspired by God" is not the traditional/conservative understanding that God determined every word, then what is our understanding of Biblical authority?

    Who has this understanding? What I have read in my corner of theological conservatism is that part of the reason God inspired the folks He inspired is so that they would use their language; that their a four Gospels because they are four different voices.

    Dallas Theological Seminary is one of the most conservative Evangelical seminaries in the country - bar none. The folks, largely from there, who translated the Net Bible are solidly conservative scholars. I will repost this hear because I love it - but also because there is hardly an ounce of "literalism" in the exegesis:

    The book of Proverbs comes to a close with this poem about the noble wife. A careful reading of the poem will show that it is extolling godly wisdom that is beneficial to the family and the society. Traditionally it has been interpreted as a paradigm for godly women. And while that is valid in part, there is much more here. The poem captures all the themes of wisdom that have been presented in the book and arranges them in this portrait of the ideal woman (Claudia V. Camp, Wisdom and the Feminine in the Book of Proverbs, 92-93). Any careful reading of the passage would have to conclude that if it were merely a paradigm for women what it portrays may well be out of reach – she is a wealthy aristocrat who runs an estate with servants and conducts business affairs of real estate, vineyards, and merchandising, and also takes care of domestic matters and is involved with charity. Moreover, it says nothing about the woman’s personal relationship with her husband, her intellectual and emotional strengths, or her religious activities (E. Jacob, "Sagesse et Alphabet: Pr. 31:10-31," Hommages à A. Dont-Sommer, 287-95). In general, it appears that the "woman" of Proverbs 31 is a symbol of all that wisdom represents. The poem, then, plays an important part in the personification of wisdom so common in the ancient Near East. But rather than deify Wisdom as the other ANE cultures did, Proverbs simply describes wisdom as a woman. Several features will stand out in the study of this passage. First, it is an alphabetic arrangement of the virtues of wisdom (an acrostic poem). Such an acrostic was a way of organizing the thoughts and making them more memorable (M. H. Lichtenstein, "Chiasm and Symmetry in Proverbs 31," CBQ 44 [1982]: 202-11). Second, the passage is similar to hymns, but this one extols wisdom. A comparison with Psalm 111 will illustrate the similarities. Third, the passage has similarities with heroic literature. The vocabulary and the expressions often sound more like an ode to a champion than to a domestic scene. Putting these features together, one would conclude that Proverbs 31:10-31 is a hymn to Lady Wisdom, written in the heroic mode. Using this arrangement allows the sage to make all the lessons of wisdom in the book concrete and practical, it provides a polemic against the culture that saw women as merely decorative, and it depicts the greater heroism as moral and domestic rather than only exploits on the battlefield. The poem certainly presents a pattern for women to follow. But it also presents a pattern for men to follow as well, for this is the message of the book of Proverbs in summary.

    Now this

    The Bible is the record of God's foundational disclosure of God's own nature to Israel and to the Church. It is a privileged record of the experiences that our forebears had with God: the experiences that formed our community.

    may lead to a difference: there are indeed parts of the authority and revelation that were pointed at specific times and places - and if you want to believe that people have really changed at core that may be very important to distinguish. However, I do not see the general tendency in the west (at least) to be more individualistic and self-serving, more isolated, and ultimately more violent really has been a change that has negated much of the scriptural message.

    The more liberal Christian theology stresses the Bible as story, myth, the experiences that formed our community rather than a guide to the continued formation and strengthening of our community the more the difference becomes apparent.

    It ain't about literalness.

     

    SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

    by JCHFleetguy on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 10:46:18 AM PDT

    • Though this... (5+ / 0-)

      The more liberal Christian theology stresses the Bible as story, myth, the experiences that formed our community rather than a guide to the continued formation and strengthening of our community the more the difference becomes apparent.

      is an opposition that is completely untrue to my experience of the role of the Bible in liberal (theologically) Christianity.  The one doesn't preclude the other, and  the former deepened my enthusiasm for biblical faith (even while changing it into something that people like my step-mother can't recognize as such), rather than turning it into something I could just dismiss.  

      The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

      by dirkster42 on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 11:40:45 AM PDT

      [ Parent ]

      • I think what I am trying to stress (3+ / 0-)

        Recommended by:
        Asbury Park, vgranucci, dirkster42

        is the difference between remembering those things that shaped us then; and trying to apply those things to shape us now.

        I think the dichotomy is not that dramatic - although I think it is getting more dramatic. The miracle discussions of Mahanoy and I bring it sharply out. He believes Christ actually risen is unimportant really, and in fact in a modern age gets in the way of people coming to God - the miracles are obviously superstitions that cannot be proven and relying on them undermines true faith - which doesnt require proof anyway.

        I believe without Christ actually risen I might as well be a Muslim; or an atheist. God understand the need of folks to see a leader as having authority; and that is why the great prophets, and Christ, accompanied their messages with 'signs and wonders'

        Do people want a God that they can shape as they wish as it is revealed to them in community; or a God of power capable of carrying out His will? PD's repeated attempts to spin the numbers aside, in the United States and certainly in the world folks are attracted to god's that have true authority and power - and that are not a reflection of their own beliefs. If broken people are the ones that seek God - then why would a broken person want to be told to "rely on their own understanding" - rather than to "rely not" on it: the Biblical message.

        SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

        by JCHFleetguy on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 11:56:39 AM PDT

        [ Parent ]

      • I agree (5+ / 0-)

        That is a completely false opposition.  You'd be hard-pressed to find any clergy or theologian or theologically-aware layperson in any mainline denomination who would deny that Scripture is formative and in some sense normative for our life together in the church.  That's a basic Christian presupposition, not something only believed by conservative Christians.

        I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use. - Galileo

        by Mahanoy on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 01:40:06 PM PDT

        [ Parent ]

    • God's direct authorship (7+ / 0-)

      Who has this understanding?

      Well, Harold Camping of Family Radio, for one. I hear him emphasize this all the time. God determined every word that went into the Bible. Why did God use that word here? How does God use that word elsewhere in the Bible?  When you read the Bible, you are talking to God, because God wrote the Bible.

      I wouldn't say Camping is in the mainstream of conservative theology, but that part of his message was not new and shocking - I've heard it all my life, from one place or another: God wrote the Bible.

      Again, I'm not talking about the issue of literal interpretation here, but of direct authorship: to all practical purposes, unmediated by the human authors, because God inspired them and determined what they would write.

      The more liberal Christian theology stresses the Bible as story, myth, the experiences that formed our community rather than a guide to the continued formation and strengthening of our community the more the difference becomes apparent.

      Er, that's an odd opposition to set up.

      Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

      by StarWoman on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 12:53:26 PM PDT

      [ Parent ]

  • It seems to me that "revelation," in this view (5+ / 0-)

    says more about who the people are, than about who "god" is.  After all, there appears to be no authority other than the people's own reactions to say that this event was a revelation, and that other event wasn't, because this is how we see "god" and not that.

    If that is the case, is it really a "revelation from god" at all, or a revelation from people?

    • Exactly (4+ / 0-)

      that self-centering rather than God-centering of revelation and authority is one of the keys to the conservative vs liberal (theologically) view of scripture and authority.

      SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

      by JCHFleetguy on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 11:01:26 AM PDT

      [ Parent ]

      • Which is why (3+ / 0-)

        Recommended by:
        JCHFleetguy, Asbury Park, vgranucci

        watching you and Mahanoy dispute things is so engrossing - you have the same words, but different meanings for them.

        The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

        by dirkster42 on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 11:22:33 AM PDT

        [ Parent ]

      • How does conservative theology not (4+ / 0-)

        have the same issue?  Don't conservatives choose which revelation is god and which isn't by choosing the bible to be their guiding star, versus the Koran, or the Illiad?

        • In that sense yes (2+ / 0-)

          Recommended by:
          Asbury Park, vgranucci

          but believing in the signs and wonders that accompanied Biblical revelation as giving that revelation authority from God - and not relying on the revelation of community - is a huge difference.

          That, and the guy walking around for 40 days after he was dead - big difference in Christianity.

          SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

          by JCHFleetguy on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 11:58:58 AM PDT

          [ Parent ]

          • Now you are talking about things (6+ / 0-)

            that you believe to be true based on...the authority of the community.  That's all you have for the "signs and wonders" or the resurrection.  You weren't there, and there is no objective physical evidence to support the accounts of miracles or resurrection.

            So you are still relying on the revelation of the community.  How can you get beyond that to find out if the community is telling the truth or not about what did or did not happen?

            • That is the problem of all religions, I guess. (3+ / 0-)

              At some point, you must have FAITH in the revelations of any particular religious community. Alternatively, you can pick and choose from among the religions to find what you have faith in. But, still, someone (yourself or others) has selected the revelations that they will accept as true. And, we are back at the beginning. I guess that's why we refer to them as our religious beliefs and not as facts. There is no easy way to verify the Truth.

            • There is no objective (3+ / 0-)

              Recommended by:
              Asbury Park, Alice Venturi, vgranucci

              proof for many things that happened in New York City 5 years ago that you might believe based on the testimony of eyewitnesses. There were over 500 to Christ's resurrection - many of whom died rather than recant that testimony.

              You even have the independent confirmation that the tomb was empty from Jewish authorities.

              What more in the way of objective evidence can you expect from 33 AD?

              You can choose to believe, or not, but it isnt that there isn't adequate evidence - just your unwillingness to accept it.

              SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

              by JCHFleetguy on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 05:07:02 PM PDT

              [ Parent ]

              • The bible as a history textbook? (1+ / 0-)

                Recommended by:
                Quotefiend

                That doesn't solve the problem, only moves it back to objective evidence for believing the bible to be accurate.  

                • Part of the Bible (2+ / 0-)

                  Recommended by:
                  Quotefiend, dirkster42

                  is a history textbook - ask almost any archeologist specializing in the Middle East. It has always been a primary source book leading their work.

                  Frankly, I am sure we can narrow down a number of events that you believe occurred based on fewer eyewitnesses and less "objective evidence". There is no "objective evidence" to counter Christ's resurrection and pretty good evidence in favor - the general idea that something has not occurred since and we do not know how it could have occurred is conjecture and not evidence: it is an argument from silence really.

                  Again, it has nothing to do with the quality of the evidence - it is the quality of what you are expected to believe that gives you problems.

                  SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

                  by JCHFleetguy on Sun Sep 16, 2007 at 10:31:41 PM PDT

                  [ Parent ]

                  • Not a history textbook (3+ / 0-)

                    Recommended by:
                    JCHFleetguy, Quotefiend, dirkster42

                    A history textbook implies that the text was written with the primary purpose of documenting historical fact.

                    Texts can contain historical fact in order to use them in the story. And of course, depending on what the point of your story is, you can tell a quite different story with the same facts than the story a history textbook would tell.

                    I believe that's a better description of the historical books in the bible; certainly that's what Dr. Catalano said when I asked her a related question.

                    I believe that's how archaeologists use the Bible: not as a history textbook, but as a potential source for historical fact.

                    I'd be surprised if any archaeologist or historian would use the Bible as a reliable source on its own, these days.

                    Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

                    by StarWoman on Mon Sep 17, 2007 at 06:00:44 AM PDT

                    [ Parent ]

                    • One further, (3+ / 0-)

                      Recommended by:
                      JCHFleetguy, Quotefiend, StarWoman

                      you can tell a quite different story with the same facts than the story a history textbook would tell.

                      The historian Hayden White notes that what historians do is tell stories based on facts, but even a historical fact is simply an event made meaningful in language, a process that already has a story implicit in it.

                      The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

                      by dirkster42 on Mon Sep 17, 2007 at 06:49:30 AM PDT

                      [ Parent ]

                    • Bible Archeology .. (0 / 0)

                      Archaeologists have been using scripture as a Michelin's Guide to the Holy Land for the past 200 or so years.  

                      It works.  

                      Infallibly.

                      Just like using James Joyce's Ulysses as a walking guide to Dublin.

                      Therefore: we can say with confidence that  Leopold  Bloom had dinner with  Richie Goulding at the Ormond Hotel in Dublin, on June 16, 1904. This fact further attested to by the Bloomsday celebration observed, to this day, by Dubliners and WBAI listeners in the USA.

                    • This is really hairsplitting (0 / 0)

                      and a presentation of false opposites - the bible as story or the bible as "history book": there is something vast in between. First, history, as some supposed objective observer, didnt exist until the modern age - and I say supposed because little of it is objective now. The next point I will let an Oxfoxd Don in literature make:

                      First then, whatever these men may be as Biblical critics, I distrust them as critics. They seem to me to lack literary judgement, to be imperceptive about the very quality of the texts they are reading. It sounds a strange charge to bring against men who have been steeped in those books all their lives. But that might be just the trouble. A man who has spent his youth and manhood in the minute study of New Testament texts and of other people's studies of them, whose literary experience of those texts lacks any standard of comparison such as can only grow from a wide and deep and genial experience of literature in general, is, I should think, very likely to miss the obvious thing about them. If he tells me that something in a Gospel is legend or romance, I want to know how many legends and romances he has read, how well his palate is trained in detecting them by the flavour; not how many years he has spend on that Gospel. But I had better turn to examples.

                      In what is already a very old commentary I read that the fourth Gospel is regarded by one school as a 'spiritual romance', 'a poem not a history', to be judged by the same canons as Nathan's parable, the book of Jonah, Paradise Lost 'or, more exactly, Pilgrim's Progress'. After a man has said that, why need one attend to anything else he says about any book in the world? Note that he regards Pilgrim's Progress, a story which professes to be a dream and flaunts its allegorical nature by every single proper name it uses, as the closest parallel. Note that the whole epic panoply of Milton goes for nothing. But even if we leave our the grosser absurdities and keep to Jonah, the insensitiveness is crass - Jonah, a tale with as few even pretended historical attachments as Job, grotesque in incident and surely not without a distinct, though of course edifying, vein of typically Jewish humour. Then turn to John. Read the dialogues: that with the Samaritan woman at the well, or that which follows the healing of the man born blind. Look at its pictures: Jesus (if I may use the word) doodling with his finger in the dust; the unforgettable δε νυξ (13:30). I have been reading poems, romances, vision-literature, legends, myths all my life. I know what they are like. I know that not one of them is like this. Of this text there are only two possible views. Either this is reportage - though it may no doubt contain errors - pretty close up to the facts; nearly as close as Boswell. Or else, some unknown writer in the second century, without known predecessors, or successors, suddenly anticipated the whole technique of modern, novelistic, realistic narrative. If it is untrue, it must be narrative of that kind. The reader who doesn't see this has simply not learned to read.

                      Whatever their theological purposes, they read exactly as reportage.

                      The "humor" below aside, the New Testament authors were very precise in describing place - John in very intricate detail - yet you want to make their stories less than history.

                      SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

                      by JCHFleetguy on Mon Sep 17, 2007 at 09:58:16 PM PDT

                      [ Parent ]

                      • No, more. (0 / 0)

                        The "humor" below aside, the New Testament authors were very precise in describing place - John in very intricate detail - yet you want to make their stories less than history.

                        I understand their stories as a theological interpretation of history.  That's way more than a journalistic account of the facts.  And I'm sure StarWoman would agree.

                        The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

                        by dirkster42 on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 07:13:12 AM PDT

                        [ Parent ]

                        • However, (1+ / 0-)

                          Recommended by:
                          dirkster42

                          the argument is always used for "less". I would agree that the Bible is history and more - but that is not where the argument ends up.

                          It ends up with not being able to trust the eyewitness accounts of Christ's resurrection because "it is not a history" or "it is not objective". We end up in search of "the real Jesus" because obviously the only accounts we have of him are untrustworthy.

                          I never hear in these arguments an admiration that the history has been made richer because of the theological lens; or, an understanding that almost every bit of "real history" they read is written through some other theological or ideological lens.

                          Going back to Starwoman's point

                          A history textbook implies that the text was written with the primary purpose of documenting historical fact.

                          Parts of the Bible were indeed written for this primary purpose. Parts of the Gospels were written for that primary purpose - particularly the synoptics. Each of those writers had a theological view they wished to express - but no writer could write the life of Jesus without expressing a theological view. There is no objectivity possible on that subject.

                          It is funny to have "the Biblicist" arguing that different parts of the Bible were written for different purposes and one must have discernment - and one of those purposes was documenting historical fact.

                          SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

                          by JCHFleetguy on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 07:31:31 AM PDT

                          [ Parent ]

                          • This is exactly my position: (0 / 0)

                            I never hear in these arguments an admiration that the history has been made richer because of the theological lens; or, an understanding that almost every bit of "real history" they read is written through some other theological or ideological lens.

                            On both counts.

                            The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

                            by dirkster42 on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 08:25:09 AM PDT

                            [ Parent ]

                          • Oh, and I don't know, (0 / 0)

                            have absolutely no clue, am left in complete bafflement, as to how you could read this diary, which included gems such as

                            Revelation, she proposes, is not an idea, but an event. It is an event in which God disclosed Godself to specific people at a specific place and time; an event that is charged with meaning and implication; an event that the people who experienced probably didn't understand fully at the time.

                            and not hear that the argument ends up with history and more.

                            The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

                            by dirkster42 on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 08:37:27 AM PDT

                            [ Parent ]

                            • Maybe partially a (1+ / 0-)

                              Recommended by:
                              dirkster42

                              prejudice I have against certain language that has meant other things to other folks - and this thread took off from here

                              A history textbook implies that the text was written with the primary purpose of documenting historical fact.

                              Texts can contain historical fact in order to use them in the story. And of course, depending on what the point of your story is, you can tell a quite different story with the same facts than the story a history textbook would tell.

                              I believe that's a better description of the historical books in the bible; certainly that's what Dr. Catalano said when I asked her a related question.

                              This seems to place the history in the Bible in the framework of current "historical novels" - you know: the life and times of the Smith family against the backdrop of the events of the Revolutionary War.

                              It is not as if we have some "history text" where the stories it tells from the facts can be compared to the stories the Bible tells from the facts. The Bible is, essentially (other than some anecdotal stuff outside) our only history text about Jesus.

                              Not to mention that the Revelation formed our community in the 1st century - our community didn't form the revelation. This isn't myth from our misty beginnings - its our history as told by its participants.

                              SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

                              by JCHFleetguy on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 09:13:33 AM PDT

                              [ Parent ]

                              • Interesting. (1+ / 0-)

                                Recommended by:
                                StarWoman

                                This seems to place the history in the Bible in the framework of current "historical novels" - you know: the life and times of the Smith family against the backdrop of the events of the Revolutionary War.

                                That's not what I got out of it at all.  Different purpose, for one thing.  I never got the sense that the primary purpose of the Gospels was "entertainment," in the sense of the novels you describe.  Never ever.  That's one clue that we're talking about something different.

                                The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

                                by dirkster42 on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 10:28:09 AM PDT

                                [ Parent ]

                                • No (1+ / 0-)

                                  Recommended by:
                                  dirkster42

                                  I didnt mean the same purpose - I meant the whole feeling of "play with the facts for the purpose of the story" feel.

                                  And this is the classic secular criticism (back to Heaven and Earth that started it all) - not to mention "higher criticism": we have no trust of the facts because of the purpose they were written for.

                                  That is the nice way of saying it. The other way is the facts were made up or tweaked to serve the story.

                                  SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

                                  by JCHFleetguy on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 11:17:31 AM PDT

                                  [ Parent ]

                                  • Yes - historical-critical methods (2+ / 0-)

                                    Recommended by:
                                    JCHFleetguy, StarWoman

                                    (we actually don't call it "Higher Criticism" anymore - that's so, um, two centuries ago), don't have a problem with the idea that the writers tweaked the facts to serve the story.

                                    But there's a difference between saying "they wrote the story to present an event in the most meaningful terms" and "they made shit up because they felt like it" (the historical novel corollary) or "they were trying to dupe people into following a lie" (extreme version of some secular criticisms).  We don't need the details of the text to be 100% factually accurate, because what motivated the writers to write anything was an event in which someone came to know God in a new or deeper way.  

                                    For example, I would look at the Magnificat in Luke 1:46-55, and note that it echoes the song of Hannah in 1 Samuel 2, and say, regardless of whether or not Mary sang that particular song, Luke's inclusion of that song makes us see Jesus in light of the prophet who anointed David as king of Israel, who in turn is a major prototype of the messiah.  The point there isn't the historical fact, but the way the story shapes our perceptions to acknowledge a connection to the prophetic tradition, which is more explicit in Luke than in any of the other Gospels.  The "truth" of the Magnificat is not its "factuality" but the theological assertion of Jesus's continuity with the prophets.  I don't need  to worry about whether or not I can verify Mary's performance of the Magnificat; I can take it as a narrative - rather than philosophical - way to make a point about the continuity between Jesus and the prophets.

                                    The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

                                    by dirkster42 on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 12:01:02 PM PDT

                                    [ Parent ]

                                    • And, frankly (1+ / 0-)

                                      Recommended by:
                                      dirkster42

                                      at that point I do not have a problem. There are a lot of explanations here including Mary being seeped in the culture and the Word and therefore knowing the Song of Hannah; or the inspiration of the Holy Spirit so that it matches; or Mary never having said it; or not remembering exactly what she said; or Luke making it up as he went along (and a lot of other possibilities along the way).

                                      It is when the

                                      "truth" of the Magnificat is not its "factuality" but the theological assertion of Jesus's continuity with the prophets.

                                      morphs into the foolishness of thinking that it is actually factual in form as well as theology.

                                      Frankly, while we may all agree with the theological implications of Jesus - I will agree that any of the spectrum above - all the way to Luke lying - are possible. Others seem less than willing to admit that Mary might have said the Magnificat as written.

                                      And, again, my theological problems increase as we above the Resurrection in time :-)

                                      SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

                                      by JCHFleetguy on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 01:12:08 PM PDT

                                      [ Parent ]

                                  • And you have no idea, (0 / 0)

                                    how successful you are at dragging me back into the NT, which I generally avoid as much as possible.

                                    The Wine of Youth ferments this night in the veins of God - Alfred de Musset.

                                    by dirkster42 on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 12:02:17 PM PDT

                                    [ Parent ]

                          • How do you know? (1+ / 0-)

                            Recommended by:
                            JCHFleetguy

                            Parts of the Bible were indeed written for [the] primary purpose [of documenting historical fact]. Parts of the Gospels were written for that primary purpose - particularly the synoptics.

                            What evidence convinces you of this?

                            Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

                            by StarWoman on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 07:52:22 PM PDT

                            [ Parent ]

                            • There are at least three or four places (0 / 0)

                              in the New Testament alone where the author states it. I will do the research and get back to you :-)

                              SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

                              by JCHFleetguy on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 08:08:25 PM PDT

                              [ Parent ]

                        • Well... (1+ / 0-)

                          Recommended by:
                          dirkster42

                          I understand their stories as a theological interpretation of history.  That's way more than a journalistic account of the facts.  And I'm sure StarWoman would agree.

                          I think it's something other than history. "Less", "more", both of those are value judgements that I personally don't need to make.

                          Describing geography in accurate detail doesn't inherently convince me that the story that goes with the geography is presented in equally accurate detail.

                          It's possible they were, it's possible they weren't. In most cases it doesn't matter to me. I'm equally OK with the author of the story having arranged all the details for narrative and symbolic effect, whether by "the author" I mean God who arranged the events, or the human who wrote the words.

                          A statement such as "This eyewitness saw these events, and he tells you this so you will know it is true" does not inherently convince me that the document really is intended as eyewitness evidence. It might be. It might also be a narrative device used to emphasize the point of the story; I've certainly heard folktales that include similar types of statements (although not with such technical terms). I'd want to study similar literature of the time and place to see what narrative conventions were used.

                          It's not that they are more than history, or less than history; it's that the historical accuracy is not the point. The question is -- to a greater or lesser degree -- irrelevant. I can live as if the stories are true without knowing or caring* whether they are historically accurate, because the point is that the stories convey truth about God and about how I am to live my life as a result of my relationship with God. They convey this truth regardless of how much or how little* historical accuracy they contain.

                          *I've asterisked a couple of words because for me personally, I think there is some core material that I believe is historically accurate, and it matters to me that it really happened. But details of the story including where it happened and who was there and what they said, aren't in that category.

                          Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

                          by StarWoman on Tue Sep 18, 2007 at 07:49:19 PM PDT

                          [ Parent ]

          • Not continuously (6+ / 0-)

            That, and the guy walking around for 40 days after he was dead - big difference in Christianity.

            Describing it that way makes it sound as if his resurrected life was the same sort of ordinary life we all have. The stories tell of him appearing and disappearing for 40 days after the resurrection, but not of his showing up that first morning and hanging out with them continuously, finding a place to sleep and so on.

            Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

            by StarWoman on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 12:57:02 PM PDT

            [ Parent ]

            • I think that is a bit of a nitpick (3+ / 0-)

              Recommended by:
              Asbury Park, Alice Venturi, vgranucci

              really - just like the Mahanoy comment above.

              The tomb was empty

              He appeared to folks in Jerusalem, and then said to meet him in elsewhere.

              He met them along the way to elsewhere to eat with them.

              He meet over 500 people elsewhere where he was seen ascending.

              While he walked through walls (spiritual) he also was "solid" enough for folks to put their fingers in the holes on his hands and to eat with them. Of course, this is the basis of some Christians belief in a transformed body after our resurrection. We see this earlier on the Mount of Transfiguration - Jesus's transfigured, but physical, body.

              If we take some of the appearances of the angel of the Lord in the Old Testament (wrestling with Jacob, prior to Sodom/Gomorrah) as early appearances of the physical form of Christ - then again we see a physical body: wrestling and losing, eating with Abraham.

              SP's Bible in a Year: http://www.streetprophets.com/story/2005/10/19/105536/72

              by JCHFleetguy on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 05:01:38 PM PDT

              [ Parent ]

    • What might it be? (6+ / 0-)

      After all, there appears to be no authority other than the people's own reactions to say that this event was a revelation, and that other event wasn't, because this is how we see "god" and not that.

      What kind of authority other than people's own reactions is there? The world is mediated to us by our senses, and we discern things based on our reactions to our experiences.

      What other kind of authority might there be, to decide that "this" was a revelation from God?

      Also, I'm not quite sure what you mean by "and not that". Are you contrasting "this event that had a profound effect on our people, and that even that didn't"? Or are you contrasting "this event that had a profound effect on our people, and that event that had a profound effect on some other people"?

      If the latter, I think it's entirely out of the scope of the model; which makes sense as this discussion was being held in an interfaith context (albeit two closely related faiths).

      Ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est.

      by StarWoman on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 12:43:35 PM PDT

      [ Parent ]

  • Excellent diary & discussion (4+ / 0-)

    "There ain't no sanity clause." Chico Marx http://wfmu.org/playlists/RX

    by Asbury Park on Sat Sep 15, 2007 at 03:08:19 PM PDT

  • My Resonance (2+ / 0-)

    Recommended by:
    one bite at a time, StarWoman

    Thanks so much for the entry, it was truly illiuminating and helped me understand Torah in my own tradition. I like that it was a revelation from the people. I really resonate with the idea that these accounts in the Torah were metaphorical descriptions of the beginning of our communities and their relationship with God. I sometimes wish I could have lived in biblical times and felt what revelation feels like. Again a true connection with God...Thats a whole other story...haha. But nice entry!!

    "My soul is from elsewhere, I'm sure of that, and I intend to end up there." -rumi

    by Midnight Hiatus on Mon Sep 17, 2007 at 07:31:46 PM PDT

  • ps (1+ / 0-)

    Recommended by:
    StarWoman

    It's nice to read something illuminating here because I am new to the street. Thanks again.

    "My soul is from elsewhere, I'm sure of that, and I intend to end up there." -rumi

    by Midnight Hiatus on Mon Sep 17, 2007 at 07:35:16 PM PDT

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